Latin literature has Greek origins, just like many other cultural attributes the Romans took from Greece. One of the earliest mentions of Greek literature being latinized was in 240 BC when Livius Andronicius wrote a Latin translation of “The Odyssey.” Aristotle and other Greek scholars often wrote rhetorics on other philosophers with whom they disagreed, and tried to disprove the opposing scholar’s point.

Greatly influenced by Aristotle’s polemics and debating, the Roman statesman Cicero confronted Catiline directly in the Roman senate and called for this notable senator to be executed without a trial because of his “crimes against the republic.” There had long been a conspiracy that Catiline had tried to overthrow the republic, but at this time, no one knew for sure. Cicero invoked “all good men” and “the people” to rise up against Catiline and have him killed. 

Persuading the Senate by calling them “gallant men,” Cicero accused Catiline of committing a capital crime and implied that he is plotting murder. Moreover, Cicero mentioned that traditionally  if anyone was thought to be rebelling against Rome, they would be swiftly put to death. He also offered to give Catiline a chance to defend himself and deny the accusations, but gave him no time to do so. 

Cicero’s speech in the Senate had specific goals: to isolate Catiline, scare him into leaving Rome, persuade the Senate to break with him, avoid him taking legal action, and warn his supporters that he was out of money. Cicero exclaimed that Catiline does not even deserve pity from the Senate. Stating that Catiline’s revolt would be put down, Cicero said that once it is finished, there will be no more threats against Rome, and warned him that Catiline will lose.