Monthly Archives: August 2022

Boulle’s Bridge: More Fiction Than History

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Destroyed bridge. Part of the Burma Railway.

Although some historical inaccuracies and controversies have arisen from the book over the years, “Bridge Over the River Kwai” is an entertaining read with fast-paced action, as well as some suspense. The book does a stellar job describing the environment and highlighting the human struggle between the officers and the suffering of the POWs. Even if it has more fictional elements than the author meant it to have, it’s still a compelling book,

Written by French author Pierre Boulle, “Bridge Over the River Kwai” was published and translated into English in 1954, two years after the original publication in 1952. It focuses on British POWs in Siam (modern-day Thailand) who are forced to build a bridge over the Kwai River for Japanese supply trains. 

In 1957, a film adaptation was made, bearing the same name as the novel. It even won the Academy Award for Best Picture that year. Directed by David Lean, the movie was shot along the Kelani River in Sri Lanka. The movie has a few differences from Boulle’s book, but overall is relatively similar. 

Boulle was born on February 20, 1912 in Avignon, France. Raised as a Catholic, he later became an agnostic, the belief that the existence of God is a mystery and is completely unknowable. Boulle studied and later graduated from Ecole Superieure d’Electricité in 1933, receiving a degree in engineering. In 1936, he traveled to Malaysia where he worked as a technician and engineer on British rubber plantations. In 1939, still living in Malaysia, Boulle enlisted in the French army in Indochina. When mainland France was conquered by the German army in 1940, he joined the Free French in Singapore. After helping with Allied resistance movements in China, Burma, and Indochina, Boulle was captured and arrested by Vichy France loyalists in 1943, being subjected to two years of forced labor. 

Besides his two most famous novels, “The Bridge Over the River Kwai” and “Planet of the Apes”, the author wrote another book, “My Own River Kwai”, in which he describes his actual wartime experiences, while “The Bridge Over the River Kwai” is roughly based on his experiences while a POW. 

The bridge described in the book was part of Burma Death Railway. Constructed from 1940 to 1943, the Japanese used the forced labor of Southeast Asian civilians as well as Allied POWs. It’s estimated that 180,000-250,000 civilians and 60,000 POWs were subjected to forced labor on the railway, around 102,000 of whom died. Much of the railway still stands today and runs from Ban Pong, Thailand, to Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar. The bridge that’s the subject of Boulle’s book is said to be Bridge 277, which was built over the Khwae Noi River, at the time called the Mae Klong River. Khwae Noi in Thai simply means “small river,” however, Khwae was commonly mispronounced by Allied POWs and called the “Kwai River”, meaning Buffalo River. Bridge 277 was damaged multiple times by American bombers near the end of the war, before being successfully destroyed in June 1945. 

In October 1942, captured British soldiers arrived at the Tamarkan POW camp to build the bridge. These men were commanded by British Colonel Philip Toosey, said to be Boulle’s inspiration for Colonel Nicholson, one of the main characters. Unfortunately, controversy arose when Toosey was found to have never collaborated with the Japanese, as Nicholson did in the novel. Boulle then revealed that Nicholson was not meant to represent Toosey, but French officers who collaborated with the Japanese and Vichy regimes. Nonetheless, some have dismissed the book as complete fiction for this and several other historical inaccuracies. 

Some of Boulle’s mistakes are due in part to the fact that he was not held captive by the Japanese, rather the Vichy French. For example, forced labor conditions under the Japanese were much worse than what’s described in the book. Daily, prisoners were deprived of food and medical supplies, beaten, tortured, humiliated, and forced to work sunrise to sunset without ceasing. Whatever a Japanese soldier could construe as disrespect or disobedience by a prisoner would most likely result in their murder. Unlike Nicholson’s nemesis, Colonel Saito, Japanese officers would not allow a man like Nicholson and his insubordination. Even if Nicholson had not been killed by the Japanese, the other prisoners would not tolerate his willing collaboration with the enemy. Because of these problems with the historical accuracy of the book, prisoners who were at the Tamarkan POW camp have also criticized the book. 

Although some of its errors can be misleading, the book is still based on real events and might introduce the reader to history they weren’t previously aware of. If readers approach “Bridge Over the River Kwai” as a historical fiction as opposed to non-fiction, it’s a rewarding World War II novel. 

The Periodic Table: Universal and Useful

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The periodic table is a display of chemical elements. To make it easier for scientists around the world to study and work within the same framework, the periodic table is an international system. Even when naming elements, there has to be consistency for research to be organized on a global level. Moreover, each element on the table has an atomic number, which is based on the properties of the elements.

Simple in structure, the table is made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns. The horizontal rows are called periods. There are seven different periods and they are represented by each element’s number of outer electrons. 

The vertical columns are called groups. There are 18 groups of elements and each group is either named by the first element in the group or by a Roman numeral. Known as the Alkali metals, group 1 consists of six different chemical elements. All of these metals are highly reactive and soft. Group 2, the alkaline earth metals, are also composed of six elements and have similar properties to group 1 but are less reactive. Containing some of the most commonly known elements such as Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), and Copper (Cu), are groups 3-12. These are transition metals which are harder than the alkali metals. Because they aren’t used often, groups 13-15 aren’t as important. However, group 16, the Chalcogens, are made up of four elements. Chalcogen means “ore forming” because these elements are found in metal ore. This group includes the elements oxygen and sulfur. The final group, the “noble gasses,” are classified as that since they don’t combine with other elements to readily form compounds. 

Formulated by Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, the periodic table is helpful and well-organized. Without it, science would be more difficult to teach and to understand.

Chemical Reactions: Common but Complex

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August 11, 2022

By Zeke

Chemical reactions come in many forms. They can be dangerous and create explosions, but they can be helpful, too. Some chemical reactions are common, such as when a piece of firewood is burned in the presence of oxygen, it forms carbon dioxide and heat energy. Another simple reaction is the acid based reaction, one example being when an acid (like salt or vinegar) is mixed into a base (like water or baking soda). All around us in our everyday lives are chemical reactions. 

There are multiple different factors that create a chemical reaction, beginning with reactants (the chemicals that go into the reaction) and products (the chemicals that result from the reaction). For a chemical reaction to be made, the equation needs to be balanced. Balancing chemical equations has to do with making sure each side of the equation is balanced between the two sides. To achieve balance, there has to be an equal amount of moles, which are the number of molecules required for a substance to have a mass equal to the AMU (Atomic Mass Unit). 

Some chemical reactions are fast, and some are slow, and how long it takes is determined by the rate of reaction which is determined by concentration and temperature. For molecules to chemically react with each other, there must be a collision that is energetic enough to break the original chemical bonds.

It takes energy to break a bond and energy is released when a new bond is made. If more energy is released in the formation of the reacants’s bond, then the net effect of reaction is to release energy, often creating a violent discharge. 

An oxidizing agent is a chemical that causes another to be oxidized, or to lose electrons. Rust is an example of oxidation reaction. This also happens when copper turns green or blue over time. A reducing agent is a chemical that causes another to be reduced, or to gain electrons. 

Most chemical reactions are used in our everyday lives. They are fascinating and sometimes even fun to watch, but can cause fatal reactions, such as molotov cocktails, tear gas, and napalm. But without some of these reactions, life would be more difficult.